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More on Criminal Justice
Occupations
People depend on police officers and detectives to protect their
lives and property. Law enforcement officers, some of whom are State
or Federal special agents or inspectors, perform these duties in a
variety of ways, depending on the size and type of their
organization. In most jurisdictions, they are expected to exercise
authority when necessary, whether on or off duty.
Uniformed police officers who work in municipal
police departments of various sizes, small communities, and rural
areas have general law enforcement duties including maintaining
regular patrols and responding to calls for service. They may direct
traffic at the scene of a fire, investigate a burglary, or give
first aid to an accident victim. In large police departments,
officers usually are assigned to a specific type of duty. Many urban
police agencies are becoming more involved in community policing—a
practice in which an officer builds relationships with the citizens
of local neighborhoods and mobilizes the public to help fight crime.
Police agencies are usually organized into geographic districts,
with uniformed officers assigned to patrol a specific area, such as
part of the business district or outlying residential neighborhoods.
Officers may work alone, but in large agencies they often patrol
with a partner. While on patrol, officers attempt to become
thoroughly familiar with their patrol area and remain alert for
anything unusual. Suspicious circumstances and hazards to public
safety are investigated or noted, and officers are dispatched to
individual calls for assistance within their district. During their
shift, they may identify, pursue, and arrest suspected criminals,
resolve problems within the community, and enforce traffic laws.
Public college and university police forces, public school
district police, and agencies serving transportation systems and
facilities are examples of special police agencies. These agencies
have special geographic jurisdictions or enforcement
responsibilities in the United States. Most sworn personnel in
special agencies are uniformed officers, a smaller number are
investigators.
Some police officers specialize in such diverse fields as
chemical and microscopic analysis, training and firearms
instruction, or handwriting and fingerprint identification. Others
work with special units such as horseback, bicycle, motorcycle or
harbor patrol, canine corps, or special weapons and tactics (SWAT)
or emergency response teams. A few local and special law enforcement
officers primarily perform jail-related duties or work in courts.
Regardless of job duties or location, police officers and detectives
at all levels must write reports and maintain meticulous records
that will be needed if they testify in court.
Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs enforce the law on the
county level. Sheriffs are usually elected to their posts and
perform duties similar to those of a local or county police chief.
Sheriffs’ departments tend to be relatively small, most having fewer
than 25 sworn officers. A deputy sheriff in a large agency will have
law enforcement duties similar to those of officers in urban police
departments. Police and sheriffs’ deputies who provide security in
city and county courts are sometimes called bailiffs.
State police officers (sometimes called State
troopers or highway patrol officers) arrest
criminals Statewide and patrol highways to enforce motor vehicle
laws and regulations. Uniformed officers are best known for issuing
traffic citations to motorists who violate the law. At the scene of
accidents, they may direct traffic, give first aid, and call for
emergency equipment. They also write reports used to determine the
cause of the accident. State police officers are frequently called
upon to render assistance to other law enforcement agencies,
especially those in rural areas or small towns.
State law enforcement agencies operate in every State except
Hawaii. Most full-time sworn personnel are uniformed officers who
regularly patrol and respond to calls for service. Others are
investigators, perform court-related duties, or work in
administrative or other assignments.
Detectives are plainclothes investigators who gather
facts and collect evidence for criminal cases. Some are assigned to
interagency task forces to combat specific types of crime. They
conduct interviews, examine records, observe the activities of
suspects, and participate in raids or arrests. Detectives and State
and Federal agents and inspectors usually specialize in one of a
wide variety of violations such as homicide or fraud. They are
assigned cases on a rotating basis and work on them until an arrest
and conviction occurs or the case is dropped.
The Federal Government maintains a high profile in many areas of
law enforcement. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents
are the Government’s principal investigators, responsible for
investigating violations of more than 260 statutes and conducting
sensitive national security investigations. Agents may conduct
surveillance, monitor court-authorized wiretaps, examine business
records, investigate white-collar crime, track the interstate
movement of stolen property, collect evidence of espionage
activities, or participate in sensitive undercover assignments. The
FBI investigates organized crime, public corruption, financial
crime, fraud against the government, bribery, copyright
infringement, civil rights violations, bank robbery, extortion,
kidnapping, air piracy, terrorism, espionage, interstate criminal
activity, drug trafficking, and other violations of Federal
statutes.
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents
enforce laws and regulations relating to illegal drugs. Not only is
the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of Federal drug
laws, it also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing
U.S. drug investigations abroad. Agents may conduct complex criminal
investigations, carry out surveillance of criminals, and infiltrate
illicit drug organizations using undercover techniques.
U.S. marshals and deputy marshals protect the
Federal courts and ensure the effective operation of the judicial
system. They provide protection for the Federal judiciary, transport
Federal prisoners, protect Federal witnesses, and manage assets
seized from criminal enterprises. They enjoy the widest jurisdiction
of any Federal law enforcement agency and are involved to some
degree in nearly all Federal law enforcement efforts. In addition,
U.S. marshals pursue and arrest Federal fugitives.
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) agents
and inspectors facilitate the entry of legal visitors and
immigrants to the U.S. and detain and deport those arriving
illegally. They consist of border patrol agents, immigration
inspectors, criminal investigators and immigration agents, and
detention and deportation officers. U.S. Border Patrol agents
protect more than 8,000 miles of international land and water
boundaries. Their missions are to detect and prevent the smuggling
and unlawful entry of undocumented foreign nationals into the U.S.,
apprehend those persons found in violation of the immigration laws,
and interdict contraband, such as narcotics. Immigration
inspectors interview and examine people seeking entrance to
the U.S. and its territories. They inspect passports to determine
whether people are legally eligible to enter the United States.
Immigration inspectors also prepare reports, maintain records, and
process applications and petitions for immigration or temporary
residence in the United States.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) agents
regulate and investigate violations of Federal firearms and
explosives laws, as well as Federal alcohol and tobacco tax
regulations. Customs agents investigate violations of
narcotics smuggling, money laundering, child pornography, customs
fraud, and enforcement of the Arms Export Control Act. Domestic and
foreign investigations involve the development and use of
informants, physical and electronic surveillance, and examination of
records from importers/exporters, banks, couriers, and
manufacturers. They conduct interviews, serve on joint task forces
with other agencies, and get and execute search warrants.
Customs inspectors inspect cargo, baggage, and
articles worn or carried by people and carriers including vessels,
vehicles, trains and aircraft entering or leaving the U.S. to
enforce laws governing imports and exports. These inspectors
examine, count, weigh, gauge, measure, and sample commercial and
noncommercial cargoes entering and leaving the United States.
Customs inspectors seize prohibited or smuggled articles, intercept
contraband, and apprehend, search, detain, and arrest violators of
U.S. laws.
U.S. Secret Service special agents protect the
President, Vice President, and their immediate families;
Presidential candidates; former Presidents; and foreign dignitaries
visiting the United States. Secret Service agents also investigate
counterfeiting, forgery of Government checks or bonds, and
fraudulent use of credit cards.
The U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security
special agents are engaged in the battle against terrorism.
Overseas, they advise ambassadors on all security matters and manage
a complex range of security programs designed to protect personnel,
facilities, and information. In the U.S., they investigate passport
and visa fraud, conduct personnel security investigations, issue
security clearances, and protect the Secretary of State and a number
of foreign dignitaries. They also train foreign civilian police and
administer a counter-terrorism reward program.
Other Federal agencies employ police and special agents with
sworn arrest powers and the authority to carry firearms. These
agencies include the Postal Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Office of Law Enforcement, the Forest Service, the National Park
Service, and the Federal Air Marshals.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2004-05
Edition,
Police and Detectives
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